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Graphene Material

Graphene chinhu chakasarudzika chinoumbwa nechikamu chimwe chete cheatomu kabhoni. Inoratidza kufambiswa kwemagetsi kwakanyanya, inosvika 10⁶ S/m—yakapetwa ka15 yemhangura—ichiita kuti ive chinhu chine simba remagetsi rakaderera paPasi. Data inoratidzawo conductivity yayo inogona kusvika 1515.2 S/cm. Mumunda wezvigadzirwa zvepolymer, graphene inobata hukuru hwekushandisa.

Kana yakasanganiswa seyepamusoro-inoshanda yekuwedzera mune polymer zvinhu, graphene inosimudzira zvakanyanya conductivity yemagetsi uye kupfeka kuramba. Kuwedzera graphene kunowedzera hunhu hwezvinhu, kuendesa yakanakisa mumidziyo yemagetsi, mabhatiri, uye mamwe maapplication. Simba rayo repamusoro rinonatsiridzawo ma mechanic zvivakwa zvepolymer zvimiro zvekugadzira, zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kune yakakwirira-yakasimba-inoda zvikamu senge aerospace uye kugadzira mota.

Yakakwirira-Kuita Carbon Fiber Composites

Kabhoni faibha chinhu chakareruka semunhenga asi chakasimba sesimbi, chinobata chinzvimbo chakakosha muchimiro chemidziyo. Ichishandisa yakaderera density uye yakakwirira simba, kabhoni fiber inowana yakakosha maapplication mukugadzira mota uye aerospace.

Mukugadzira mota, inoshandiswa kune mafuremu emuviri uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kuwedzera simba rose remotokari uku ichidzikisa huremu nekuvandudza kushanda kwemafuta. Mumuchadenga, inoshanda sechinhu chakakodzera chezvimiro zvendege, zvinobudirira kudzikisa huremu hwendege, kudzikisa mashandisiro esimba, uye kuwedzera kuita kwendege.

Advanced Semiconductor Materials

Munguva yanhasi yekukurumidza kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi hweruzivo, pane kudiwa kwakasimba kwekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji kumativi ese. Indasitiri yekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi inoratidza yakasarudzika uye inoramba ichikura kudiwa kwepamusoro-kuita semiconductor zvinhu. Seyakanyanya hwaro hwemazuva ano tekinoroji tekinoroji, mhando yemidziyo yesemiconductor inotaridza zvakananga kumhanya kwekushanda, kugona, uye kushanda kwemidziyo yemagetsi.

Padanho remicroscopic, hunhu hwakadai semagetsi emagetsi, chimiro chekristaro, uye nekusachena zvirimo zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya kuita kwemagetsi mudziyo. Semuyenzaniso, semiconductor zvinhu zvine akakwira anotakura kufamba anogonesa kukurumidza kufamba erekitironi, kuwedzera computational kumhanya. Zvimiro zvekristaro zvakachena zvinoderedza kupararira kweerekitironi, zvichiwedzera kusimudzira kushanda zvakanaka.

Mumashandisirwo anoshanda, aya epamusoro-kuita semiconductor zvinhu zvinoumba hwaro hwekugadzira nekukurumidza, zvakanyanya kushanda zvemagetsi senge ma smartphones, komputa processors, uye yakakwirira-kumhanya machipi ekutaurirana. Ivo vanogonesa iyo miniaturization uye yakakwirira kushanda kwemagetsi zvigadzirwa, zvichibvumira mamwe anoshanda mamodule kuti abatanidzwe mukati menzvimbo shoma. Izvi zvinogonesa kuitwa kweakaomesesa computational uye kugadzirisa mabasa, kusangana nekuwedzera kuri kuwedzera kudiwa kwekutora ruzivo uye kugadzirisa. Resin zvinhu zvine chekuita nekugadzira semiconductor zvakakodzera kutariswa.

3D Printing Materials

Kubva kusimbi kusvika kumapurasitiki, kufambira mberi kweiyo 3D tekinoroji inotsamira parutsigiro rwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, nezvinhu izvi zvine maapplication akawandisa uye kukosha kwakakosha mukati memunda wezvinhu zvepolymer.

Zvishandiso zvesimbi mukudhinda kwe 3D zvinoshandiswa kugadzira zvinhu zvinoda simba rakawanda uye nemazvo, senge zvikamu zveinjini mumhepo uye simbi inodyarwa mumidziyo yekurapa. Zvishandiso zvepurasitiki, zvine zvimiro zvavo zvakasiyana uye nyore kugadzirisa, zvakatowana yakakura application mukudhinda kwe3D.

Zvishandiso zvepolymer zvinoumba chinhu chakakosha che 3D kudhinda zvinhu, kuvhura mikana mikuru yetekinoroji. Nyanzvi dzepolymer dzine yakanakisa biocompatibility inogonesa kudhindwa kweiyo bioengineered tishu scaffolds. Mamwe mapolymer ane akasiyana ekuona kana magetsi zvivakwa, achisangana nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa. Thermoplastics, yakanyungudutswa kuburikidza nekudziya, inobvumira dhizaini-ne-layer kuiswa kwekukurumidza kugadzirwa kweakaomesesa maumbirwo, zvichiita kuti ishandiswe zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa uye kurongeka kwemunhu.

Iyi tsigiro yemhando dzakasiyana inogonesa tekinoroji yekudhinda ye3D kuti isarudze zvinhu zvakakodzera zvekugadzira zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana, zvichiita kuti pa-inoda kugadzirwa kuve kwechokwadi. Zvingave zvekugadzirisa zvinhu mukugadzira maindasitiri kana kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvekurapa zvemunhu mune zvehutano, kudhinda kwe3D kunowedzera zviwanikwa zvayo kuti zvibudirire, kugadzira chaiko, kufambisa shanduko shanduko munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana.

Superconducting Materials

Semidziyo ine yakasarudzika zvimiro zvemuviri, masuperconductors ane chinzvimbo chakakosha musainzi yemidziyo, kunyanya mumashandisirwo anosanganisira kufambisa kwemagetsi ikozvino uye electromagnetic phenomena. Iyo inonyanya kushamisa hunhu hwe superconducting zvinhu kugona kwavo kuitisa magetsi ikozvino ne zero kuramba pasi pemamiriro chaiwo. Ichi chivakwa chinopa superconductors ine yakakura mukana wekushandisa mumunda wekufambisira magetsi.

Mune maitiro ekufambisa emagetsi echinyakare, kushorwa kunowanikwa mumakondakita kunoguma nekurasikirwa kukuru kwesimba nenzira yekupisa. Iko kushandiswa kwezvinhu zve superconducting kunovimbisa kushandura mamiriro aya. Kana yashandiswa mumitsara yekufambisa magetsi, ikozvino inoyerera nemairi isingadzivirirwe, zvichiita kuti simba remagetsi riite zero. Izvi zvinosimudzira zvakanyanya kutapurirana zvakanaka, zvinoderedza kutambisa simba, uye zvinoderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza.

Superconducting zvinhu zvakare inoita basa rakakosha mukufambisa kwemagineti levitation. Zvitima zveMaglev zvinoshandisa simba remagineti rinogadzirwa ne superconducting zvinhu kuti zvidyidzane nemagineti panjanji, zvichiita kuti chitima chikwanise kuyerera uye kushanda nekumhanya kukuru. Iyo zero-resistance pfuma ye superconducting zvinhu inovimbisa kugadzikana chizvarwa uye kuchengetedzwa kwemagineti, ichipa inowirirana levitation uye propulsion masimba. Izvi zvinobvumira zvitima kuti zvifambe nekumhanya kwakanyanya nekushanda kwakapfava, zvichinyatso shandura nzira dzekufambisa dzechinyakare.

Matarisiro ekushandisa kwezvinhu zve superconducting akafaranuka zvakanyanya. Pamusoro pezvavanoita zvakakosha mukufambiswa kwesimba uye magineti levitation yekufambisa, vanobata kukosha kune dzimwe nzvimbo senge magineti resonance imaging (MRI) tekinoroji mumidziyo yekurapa uye particle accelerators mukutsvagisa-simba refizikisi.

Smart Bionic Zvishandiso

Mukati menzvimbo yakakura yesainzi yezvishandiso, kirasi yakakosha yezvinhu iripo inotevedzera zvimiro zvebhayoloji zvinowanikwa muzvisikwa, zvichiratidza zvinoshamisa. Izvi zvinhu zvinobata zvakakosha mukati mepolymer zvinhu chikamu. Vanogona kupindura kune shanduko yezvakatipoteredza, kuzvigadzirisa, uye kunyange kuzvichenesa.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvakangwara zvepolymer zvine hunhu hunotevedzera zvimiro zvebiological. Semuenzaniso, mamwe mapolymer hydrogel anokwevera kurudziro kubva kune extracellular matrix inowanikwa mune biological tishu. Aya ma hydrogel anogona kuona shanduko yehunyoro munzvimbo yaanogara: kana hunyoro hwadzikira, vanobatana kuti vaderedze kurasikirwa kwemvura; uye wedzera kuti utore hunyoro kana hunyoro hunowedzera, nekudaro uchipindura kumazinga ehunyoro hwezvakatipoteredza.

Nezve kuzvirapa, zvimwe zvinhu zvepolymeric zvine akakosha mabhondi emakemikari kana mamicrostructures anogona kuzvigadzirisa otomatiki mushure mekukuvara. Semuyenzaniso, mapolymer ane dynamic covalent mabhondi anogona kurongedzazve zvisungo izvi pasi pemamiriro chaiwo kana pakatsemuka pamusoro panoonekwa, kuporesa kukuvadzwa uye kudzoreredza kutendeka kwechinhu uye kuita.

Zvekuzvichenesa kuita, zvimwe zvinhu zvepolymeric zvinowana izvi kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro zvimiro kana makemikari shanduko. Semuyenzaniso, zvimwe zvepolymeric zvekupfekedza zvinhu zvine zvimiro zvidiki-diki zvakafanana nemashizha elotus. Iyi microstructure inogonesa madonhwe emvura kuti agadzire mabhesi pamusoro pechinhu uye anokunguruka nekukasira, panguva imwe chete achitakura guruva netsvina, nokudaro achiwana kuzvichenesa.

Biodegradable Materials

Munzanga yanhasi, matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza akakomba, nekuramba kuchiita kusvibiswa kwemamiriro ekunze kuchityisidzira zvipenyu. Mumunda wezvinhu,biodegradable zvinhuvakawana kutariswa kwakakosha semhinduro dzakasimba, vachiratidza zvakanakira zvakasarudzika uye kukosha kwakawanda kwekushandisa, kunyanya mukati menzvimbo yezvigadzirwa zvepolymeric.

Munzvimbo yezvokurapa, zvinhu zvinoodza biodegradable zvinoita basa rakakosha. Semuenzaniso, sutures inoshandiswa kuvhara maronda inowanzogadzirwa kubva kune biodegradable polymer zvinhu. Zvinhu izvi zvishoma nezvishoma zvinodzikira panguva yekupora maronda, kubvisa kudiwa kwekubviswa uye kuderedza kusagadzikana kwevarwere uye njodzi dzehutachiona.

Saizvozvo, biodegradable polymers anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muinjiniya yetishu uye masisitimu ekuunza zvinodhaka. Ivo vanoshanda se cellular scaffolds, vachipa rutsigiro rwechimiro chekukura kwesero uye kugadzirisa kwematishu. Zvinhu izvi zvinodzikira nekufamba kwenguva pasina kusiya zvisaririra mumuviri, nekudaro kudzivirira njodzi dzinogona kuitika pahutano.

Muchikamu chekurongedza, biodegradable zvinhu zvinobata hukuru hwekushandisa. Traditional plastic packaging inonetsa kudzikisira, zvichikonzera kuramba kuchena kusvibiswa. Zvigadzirwa zvekurongedza zvakagadzirwa kubva kune biodegradable polymers, senge mabhegi epurasitiki nemabhokisi, zvishoma nezvishoma zvinoora kuita zvinhu zvisingakuvadze kuburikidza nehutachiona hwekuita munzvimbo dzechisikigo mushure mekushandiswa, zvichideredza kusvibiswa kunoramba kuripo. Semuyenzaniso, polylactic acid (PLA) yekurongedza zvinhu zvinopa yakanaka michina uye yekugadzira zvivakwa kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvekurongedza uku ichive yakaora, ichivaita imwe nzira yakanaka.

Nanomaterials

Mukufambira mberi kwesainzi yemidziyo, nanomaterials yakabuda seyekutsvagisa uye yekushandisa hotspot nekuda kweiyo yakasarudzika zvivakwa uye kugona kushandura zvinhu pachiyero chidiki. Ivo zvakare vane chinzvimbo chakakosha mukati memunda wepolymer zvinhu. Nekudzora zvinhu pananoscale, zvinhu izvi zvinoratidzira zvakasiyana-siyana zvakagadzirira kupa zvakakosha mumishonga, simba, uye zvemagetsi.

Munzvimbo yekurapa, iyo yakasarudzika zvimiro zvenanomaterials zvinopa mikana mitsva yekuongororwa kwechirwere uye kurapwa. Semuyenzaniso, zvimwe zvinhu zvenanopolymer zvinogona kugadzirwa semotokari dzinotakura zvinodhaka. Vatakuri ava vanonyatso endesa mishonga kumasero anorwara, vachiwedzera kurapa kwakanaka uku vachideredza kukuvadzwa kune hutano tishu. Uyezve, nanomaterials inoshandiswa mukufungidzira kwezvokurapa-nanoscale kusiyanisa vamiririri, semuenzaniso, kuwedzera kujekesa kwekufungidzira uye kurongeka, kubatsira vanachiremba mune zvakanyatsojeka chirwere chekuongorora.

Muchikamu chesimba, nanomaterials zvinoratidza zvakafanana kugona. Tora polymer nanocomposites, semuenzaniso, inowana application mubhatiri tekinoroji. Kubatanidza nanomaterials kunogona kuwedzera simba rebhatiri uye kuchaja/kuburitsa kushanda zvakanaka, nokudaro zvichivandudza kuita kwese. Kune maseru ezuva, mamwe mananomaterials anogona kusimudzira kunyudzwa kwemwenje uye kutendeuka kushanda zvakanaka, kuwedzera simba rekugadzira simba remagetsi emagetsi.

Zvishandiso zvenanomaterials zviri kuwedzerawo nekukurumidza mune zvemagetsi. Nanoscale polymer zvinhu zvinogonesa kugadzirwa kwezvidiki, zvepamusoro-kuita zvemagetsi zvikamu. Semuenzaniso, kuvandudzwa kwe nanotransistors kunobvumira kubatanidza kukuru uye nekukurumidza kushanda mumidziyo yemagetsi. Pamusoro pezvo, nanomaterials inofambisa kugadzirwa kwemagetsi anochinjika, kusangana nekukura kuri kuda kwezvinhu zvinotakurika uye zvinobhenda zvemagetsi.

Muchidimbu

kufambira mberi kwezvinhu izvi hakungofambisi hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji chete asiwo kunopa mikana mitsva yekugadzirisa matambudziko epasi rose musimba, nharaunda, uye hutano.