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Rutivi rwemukati memudziyo wekumanikidza une maronda efiber rwunonyanya kuva chimiro chemukati, icho basa guru riri rekushanda sechidziviriro chekudzivirira kubuda kwemhepo ine simba guru kana mvura inochengetwa mukati, ukuwo ichidzivirira rutivi rwekunze rwefiber. Rutivi urwu haruna ngura nezvinhu zviri mukati, uye rutivi rwekunze irutivi rwefiber-wound rwakasimbiswa ne resin, runonyanya kushandiswa kutakura mutoro wepressure uri mukati memudziyo wekumanikidza.

Maumbirwo emudziyo wekumanikidza une ronda reshinda: Midziyo yekumanikidza ine zvinhu zvakawanda inouya mumhando ina: cylindrical, denderedzwa, annular, uye rectangular. Mudziyo wakatenderera une chikamu che cylindrical nemisoro miviri. Midziyo yekumanikidza yesimbi inogadzirwa muchimiro chakareruka, ine simba rakawandisa rakachengetwa mudivi re axial. Pasi pekumanikidzwa kwemukati, kumanikidzwa kwenguva refu uye latitudinal kwemudziyo wakatenderera kwakaenzana, uye ihafu yekumanikidzwa kwemudziyo wakatenderera. Zvinhu zvesimbi zvine simba rakaenzana kumativi ese; saka, midziyo yesimbi yakatenderera yakagadzirirwa simba rakaenzana uye ine huremu hushoma hwehuwandu hwakapihwa uye kumanikidzwa. Mamiriro ekumanikidzwa kwemudziyo wakatenderera akanaka, uye madziro emudziyo anogona kuitwa matete zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekuoma kukuru mukugadzira midziyo yakatenderera, inowanzo shandiswa chete muzvishandiso zvakakosha senge spacecraft. Matangi ane chimiro chemhete haawanzo kuwanikwa mukugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri, asi maumbirwo awo achiri kudiwa mune mamwe mamiriro chaiwo. Semuenzaniso, spacecraft inoshandisa chimiro ichi chakakosha kuti ishandise zvizere nzvimbo diki. Matangi ane rectangular anonyanya kushandiswa kuwedzera kushandiswa kwenzvimbo kana nzvimbo iri diki, senge matangi e rectangular emotokari nemotokari dzechitima. Matangi aya anowanzova midziyo ine kumanikidzwa kwakaderera kana kuti ine kumanikidzwa kwemhepo, uye huremu hwakareruka ndihwo hunodiwa.

Kuomarara kwechimiro chemidziyo yekumanikidza zvinhu zvakasanganiswa, kushanduka kamwe kamwe mumakavha ekupedzisira nehukobvu hwawo, uye ukobvu hunoshanduka uye kona yemakavha ekupedzisira zvinounza matambudziko akawanda pakugadzira, kuongorora, kuverenga, uye kuumba. Dzimwe nguva, midziyo yekumanikidza zvinhu zvakasanganiswa haingodi kungotenderedza pamakona akasiyana uye speed ratios mumakavha ekupedzisira, asiwo inoda nzira dzakasiyana dzekutenderedza zvichienderana nechimiro. Panguva imwe chete, pesvedzero yezvinhu zvinoshanda senge coefficient of friction inofanirwa kufungwa nezvayo. Naizvozvo, dhizaini chaiyo uye ine musoro chete ndiyo inogona kutungamira maitirwo ekugadzira makomba ezvinhu zvakasanganiswamidziyo yekumanikidza, nokudaro ichigadzira zvigadzirwa zvemidziyo yekumanikidza yakareruka inosangana nezvinodiwa zvedhizaini.

Zvinhu zvekushandisa pakushandisa midziyo inodzvinyirira ine maronda efiber

Rutivi rwemaronda efaibha, sechikamu chikuru chinotakura mutoro, chinofanira kunge chine simba guru, modulus yakakwira, density yakaderera, kugadzikana kwekupisa, kunyorova kwakanaka kweresin, kugona kutenderera zvakanaka, uye kusimba kwakafanana kwefaibha. Zvinhu zvinowanzoshandiswa zvefaibha yekusimbisa midziyo yekumanikidza yakareruka zvinosanganisira carbon fiber, PBO fiber, aramid fiber, uye ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber.

Faibha yekabhonii fibrous carbon material ine carbon composition huru. Inoumbwa ne organic fiber precursors inoisa carbon pakupisa kwakanyanya uye i organic fiber material ine carbon content inodarika 95%. Carbon fiber ine hunyanzvi hwakanaka, uye tsvakurudzo pamusoro payo yakatanga makore anopfuura 100 apfuura. I fibrous wound fiber ine simba guru, high-modulus, uye low-density high-performance high-performance, inonyanya kuzivikanwa neizvi:

1. Kurema kwakaderera uye huremu hwakareruka. Kuwanda kwefiber yekabhoni i1.7~2 g/cm³, yakaenzana ne1/4 yehuwandu hwesimbi uye 1/2 yehuwandu hwealuminium alloy.

2. Simba guru uye modulus yakakwirira: Simba rayo rakapetwa ka4-5 kupfuura simbi, uye modulus yayo inochinjika yakapetwa ka5-6 kupfuura alloys dzealuminium, zvichiratidza kudzoreredzwa kwe elastic zvachose (Zhang Eryong naSun Yan, 2020). Simba rekudhonza uye modulus inochinjika ye carbon fiber inogona kusvika 3500-6300 MPa uye 230-700 GPa, zvichiteerana.

3. Kuwanda kwemafuta ekupisa kwakaderera: Kuyerera kwemafuta ecarbon fiber mukupisa kunoderera nekupisa kuri kuwedzera, zvichiita kuti isanyanya kutonhora nekudziya nekukurumidza. Haizotsemuke kunyangwe mushure mekutonhora kubva pazviuru zvakati wandei zvemadhigirii Celsius kusvika pakupisa kwemukamuri, uye haizonyungudike kana kunyorova mumhepo isina oxidizing pa3000℃; haizonyanyi kupwanyika kana tembiricha yemvura yakwira.

4. Kudzivirira ngura zvakanaka: Kabhoni fiber haina maasidhi uye inogona kutsungirira maasidhi akasimba akadai sehydrochloric acid yakakora uye sulfuric acid. Uyezve, macomposites ekabhoni fiber anewo hunhu hwakadai sekudzivirira mwaranzi, kugadzikana kwakanaka kwemakemikari, kugona kupinza magasi ane chepfu, uye mwero we neutron, zvichiita kuti ashandiswe zvakanyanya mundege, mauto, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda.

Aramid, fiber yeorganic yakagadzirwa kubva kuaromatic polyphthalamides, yakabuda mukupera kwema1960. Kuwanda kwayo kwakaderera pane kwecarbon fiber. Ine simba guru, goho guru, inodzivirira kukuvadzwa zvakanaka, kugadzikana kwakanaka kwemakemikari, uye inodzivirira kupisa, uye mutengo wayo unongova hafu yefiber yecarbon fiber.Matayi eAramidZvikurukuru dzine hunhu hunotevera:

1. Hunhu hwakanaka hwemuchina. Aramid fiber ipolymer inochinjika ine simba rekudhonza rakakwirira kupfuura mapolyester akajairwa, donje, nenylon. Ine kureba kukuru, kunzwa kwakapfava kweruoko, uye kugona kutenderera zvakanaka, zvichiita kuti ikwanise kugadzirwa kuita mafiber ane hurefu hwakasiyana uye hwakatsetseka.

2. Inodzivirira moto zvakanyanya uye inodzivirira kupisa. Aramid ine chiyero cheokisijeni chinogumira kupfuura 28, saka hairambi ichitsva mushure mekubviswa mumurazvo. Ine kugadzikana kwakanaka kwekupisa, inogona kushandiswa nguva dzose pa205℃, uye inochengetedza simba rakawanda kunyangwe pakupisa kuri pamusoro pe205℃. Panguva imwe chete, marara earamid ane tembiricha yakakwira yekuora, achichengetedza simba rakawanda kunyangwe pakupisa kwakanyanya, uye anongotanga kuita carbon pakupisa kuri pamusoro pe370℃.

3. Hunhu hwemakemikari hwakagadzikana. Marabha eAramid anodzivirira zvakanyanya makemikari mazhinji, anogona kutsungirira huwandu hwakawanda hwema inorganic acids, uye anokwanisa kutsungirira alkali zvakanaka patembiricha yemumba.

4. Hunhu hwakanaka kwazvo hwemakanika. Ine hunhu hwakanaka hwemakanika hwakadai sekusimba kwakanyanya, modulus yakakwira, uye huremu hwakareruka. Simba rayo rakapetwa ka5-6 kupfuura waya yesimbi, modulus yayo inochinjika yakapetwa ka2-3 kupfuura waya yesimbi kana girazi, kusimba kwayo kwakapetwa kaviri kupfuura waya yesimbi, uye huremu hwayo hwakapetwa ka1/5 chete kupfuura waya yesimbi. Mafiber epolyamide anonhuhwirira ave achishandiswa zvakanyanya kwenguva yakareba nezvinhu zvefiber zvinoshanda zvakanyanya, zvinonyanya kukodzera ngarava dzemhepo nedzendege dzine zvinodiwa zvakasimba zvemhando uye chimiro.

Fiber yePBO yakagadzirwa muUnited States muma1980 sechishandiso chekusimbisa zvinhu zvakagadzirwa muindasitiri yendege. Ndiyo imwe yenhengo dzinovimbisa zvikuru dzemhuri yepolyamide ine heterocyclic aromatic compounds uye inozivikanwa se super fiber yezana remakore rechi21. Fiber yePBO ine hunhu hwakanaka hwemuviri nemakemikari; simba rayo, elastic modulus, uye kupisa ndezvimwe zvezvishandiso zvakanakisisa. Uyezve, fibre yePBO ine simba rakanaka rekudzivirira kukanganiswa, kuramba kukwesha, uye kugadzikana kwehukuru, uye yakareruka uye inochinjika, zvichiita kuti ive chinhu chakakodzera chejira. Fiber yePBO ine hunhu hukuru hunotevera:

1. Hunhu hwakanaka kwazvo hwemakemikari. Zvigadzirwa zvePBO fiber zvepamusoro zvine simba re5.8 GPa uye elastic modulus ye180 GPa, iyo yakanyanya kukwira pakati pemakemikari aripo.

2. Kugadzikana kwakanyanya pakupisa. Inogona kutsungirira tembiricha inosvika 600℃, ine indekisi ine muganho we68. Haitsvi kana kuderera mumoto, uye kuramba kwayo kupisa uye kunonoka kwemoto kwakakwira kupfuura chero imwe fiber yeorganic.

Se fiber yemuzana remakore rechi21 inoshanda zvakanyanya, fiber yePBO ine hunhu hwakanaka hwemuviri, hwemakanika, uye hwemakemikari. Simba rayo uye elastic modulus zvakapetwa kaviri pane fiber yearamid, uye ine resistance yekupisa uye retardancy yemurazvo se meta-aramid polyamide. Hunhu hwayo hwepanyama uye hwemakemikari hunopfuura zvachose hwe fiber yearamid. Fiber yePBO ine dhayamita ye1mm inogona kusimudza chinhu chinorema kusvika ku450kg, uye simba rayo rinopfuura kagumi kupfuura fiber yesimbi.

Ultra-yakakwira molecular weight polyethylene fiber, inozivikanwawo sefiber yepolyethylene ine simba guru, ine modulus yakawanda, ifiber ine simba guru uye modulus chaiyo pasi rose. Ifiber yakarukwa kubva ku polyethylene ine huremu hwemamorekuru huri pakati pemiriyoni imwe kusvika kumamiriyoni mashanu. Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber inonyanya kuve neunhu hunotevera:

1. Simba rayo guru uye modulus yaro yepamusoro. Simba rayo guru rinodarika kagumi kupfuura waya yesimbi yechikamu chimwe chete, uye modulus yaro chaiyo inongotevera carbon fiber chaiyo. Kazhinji, huremu hwayo hwemamorekuru hunopfuura 10, ine simba rekudhonza re3.5 GPa, modulus yakasununguka ye116 GPa, uye kureba kwe3.4%.

2. Kuwanda kwaro kwakaderera. Kuwanda kwaro kunowanzova 0.97 ~ 0.98 g/cm³, zvichiita kuti rikwanise kuyangarara pamusoro pemvura.

3. Kureba kushoma panguva yekudonha. Ine simba rakasimba rekupinza simba, inodzivirira kukuvadza uye kuchekwa zvakanaka, inodzivirira mamiriro ekunze zvakanyanya, uye inodzivirira mwaranzi ye ultraviolet, neutron, uye gamma. Ine simba rakawanda rekupinza simba, inodzivirira dielectric yakaderera, inodzivirira mafungu emagetsi akawanda, uye inodzivirira ngura yemakemikari, pamwe nekudzivirira kupfeka zvakanaka uye inogara kwenguva refu.

Polyethylene fiber ine hunyanzvi hwakawanda, ichiratidza mukana wakakura mukushanda kwayo.fiber inoshanda zvakanyanyamusika. Kubva pamitsetse yekunamira muminda yemafuta iri kunze kwenyika kusvika kuzvinhu zvinorema zvine simba, inoratidza mabhenefiti makuru muhondo dzemazuva ano, pamwe nedzendege, dzemuchadenga, uye dzemugungwa, ichiita basa rakakosha mumidziyo yekudzivirira nedzimwe nzvimbo.